# Glossary

authentication. Assurance that a party to a computerized transaction is not an impostor. Authentication typically involves the use of a password, certificate, personal identification number (PIN), or other information that can be used to validate identity over a computer network. See also password-based authentication, certificate-based authentication, client authentication, server authentication.

CA. See certificate authority (CA).

CA certificate. A certificate that identifies a certificate authority. See also certificate authority (CA), subordinate CA, root CA.

certificate. The digital equivalent of an ID card. A certificate specifies the name of an individual, company, or other entity and certifies that a public key, which is included in the certificate, belongs to that entity. When you digitally sign a message or other data, the digital signature for that message is created with the aid of the private key that corresponds to the public key in your certificate. A certificate is issued and digitally signed by a certificate authority (CA). A certificate's validity can be verified by checking the CA's digital signature. Also called digital ID, digital passport, public-key certificate X.509 certificate, and security certificate. See also public-key cryptography.

certificate authority (CA). A service that issues a certificate after verifying the identity of the person or entity the certificate is intended to identify. A CA also renews and revokes certificates and generates a list of revoked certificates at regular intervals. CAs can be independent vendors (such as the CAs listed at Certificate Authority Services) or a person or organization using certificate-issuing server software (such as Netscape Certificate Management System). See also certificate, certificate revocation list (CRL).

certificate-based authentication. Verification of identity based on certificates and public-key cryptography. See also password-based authentication.

certificate chain. A hierarchical series of certificates signed by successive certificate authorities. A CA certificate identifies a certificate authority (CA) and is used to sign certificates issued by that authority. A CA certificate can in turn be signed by the CA certificate of a parent CA and so on up to a root CA.

certificate fingerprint. A unique number associated with a certificate. The number is not part of the certificate itself but is produced by applying a mathematical function to the contents of the certificate. If the contents of the certificate change, even by a single character, the function produces a different number. Certificate fingerprints can therefore be used to verify that certificates have not been tampered with.

certificate renewal. The process of renewing a certificate that is about to expire.

certificate revocation list (CRL). A list of revoked certificates that is generated and signed by a certificate authority (CA). You can download the latest CRL to your browser or to a server, then check against it to make sure that certificates are still valid before permitting their use for authentication.

certificate store. The collection of certificates, or electronic IDs, maintained by Personal Security Manager on your behalf. These include your own certificates stored on one or more security devices, other people's certificates, web site certificates, and CA certificates. See also certificate authority (CA), certificate, security device.

certificate verification. When Personal Security Manager verifies a certificate, it confirms that the digital signature was created by a CA whose own CA certificate is both present in the certificate store and marked as trusted for issuing that kind of certificate. It also confirms that the certificate being verified has not been marked as untrusted in the certificate store. Finally, if the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP) has been activated (from the Options panel under the Advanced tab), Personal Security Manager also performs an on-line check. It does so by looking up the certificate in a list of valid certificates maintained at a URL that is specified either in the certificate itself or in the OCSP Settings window. If any of these checks fail, Personal Security Manager marks the certificate as unverified and won't recognize the identity it certifies.

cipher. See cryptographic algorithm.

client. Software (such as browser software) that sends requests to and receives information from a server, which is usually running on a different computer. A computer on which client software runs is also described as a client.

client authentication. The process of identifying a client to a server, for example with a name and password or with a client SSL certificate and some digitally signed data. See also Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), server authentication.

client SSL certificate. A certificate that a client (for example, browser software such as Netscape Communicator) presents to a server to authenticate the identity of the client (or the identity of the person using the client) using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol. See also client authentication.

cryptographic algorithm. A set of rules or directions used to perform cryptographic operations such as encryption and decryption. Sometimes called a cipher.

cryptography. The art and practice of scrambling (encrypting) and unscrambling (decrypting) information. For example, cryptographic techniques are used to scramble an unscramble information flowing between commercial web sites and your browser. See also public-key cryptography.

decryption. The process of unscrambling data that has been encrypted. See also encryption.

digital ID. See certificate.

digital signature. A code created from both the data to be signed and the private key of the signer. This code is unique for each new piece of data. Even a single comma added to a message changes the digital signature for that message. Successful validation of your digital signature by appropriate software not only provides evidence that you approved the transaction or message, but also provides evidence that the data has not changed since you digitally signed it. A digital signature has nothing to do with a handwritten signature, although it can sometimes be used for similar legal purposes. See also nonrepudiation, tamper detection.

distinguished name (DN). A specially formatted name that uniquely identifies the subject of a certificate.

dual key pairs. Two public-private key pairs--four keys altogether--corresponding to two separate certificates. The private key of one pair is used for signing operations, and the public and private keys of the other pair are used for encryption and decryption operations. Each pair corresponds to a separate certificate. See also public-key cryptography.

eavesdropping. Surreptitious interception of information sent over a network by an entity for which the information is not intended.

encryption. The process of scrambling information in a way that disguises its meaning. For example, encrypted connections between computers make it very difficult for third-parties to unscramble, or decrypt, information flowing over the connection. Encrypted information can be decrypted only by someone who possesses the appropriate key. See also public-key cryptography.

encryption certificate. A certificate whose public key corresponds to a private key used for encryption only. Encryption certificates are not used for signing operations. See also dual key pairs, signing certificate.

encryption key. A private key used for encryption only. An encryption key and its equivalent public key, plus a signing key and its equivalent public key, constitute a dual key pairs.

fingerprint. See certificate fingerprint.

FIPS PUBS 140-1. Federal Information Processing Standards Publications (FIPS PUBS) 140-1 is a US government standard for implementations of cryptographic modules--that is, hardware or software that encrypts and decrypts data or performs other cryptographic operations (such as creating or verifying digital signatures). Many products sold to the US government must comply with one or more of the FIPS standards.

key. A large number used by a cryptographic algorithm to encrypt or decrypt data. A person's public key, for example, allows other people to encrypt messages to that person. The encrypted messages must be decrypted with the corresponding private key. See also public-key cryptography.

Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP). A protocol for accessing directory services across multiple platforms. LDAP is a simplified version of Directory Access Protocol (DAP), used to access X.500 directories.

master key. A symmetric key used by Personal Security Manager to encrypt information on behalf of other applications. For example, Netscape 6 uses Personal Security Manager and your master key to encrypt email passwords, web site passwords, and other stored sensitive information. See also symmetric encryption.

misrepresentation. Presentation of an entity as a person or organization that it is not. For example, a web site might pretend to be a furniture store when it is really just a site that takes credit card payments but never sends any goods. See also spoofing.

Netscape Certificate Management System. A highly configurable set of software components and tools for creating, deploying, and managing certificates. You enroll with the system to obtain certificates of all kinds; the system maintains information about the certificates it issues.

nonrepudiation. The inability, of the sender of a message, to deny having sent the message. A regular hand-written signature provides one form of nonrepudiation. A digital signature provides another.

object signing. A technology that allows software developers to sign Java code, JavaScript scripts, or any kind of file, and that allows users to identify the signers and control access by signed code to local system resources.

object-signing certificate. A certificate whose corresponding private key is used to sign objects such as code files. See also object signing.

Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP). A set of rules that Personal Security Manager follows to perform an online check of an email certificate's validity each time the certificate is used. This process involves checking the certificate against a list of valid certificates maintained at a specified web site. Your computer must be online for OCSP to work.

password-based authentication. Confident identification by means of a name and password. See also authentication.

Personal Security Password. A password used by Personal Security Manager to protect the master key and/or private keys stored on a security device. Personal Security Manager needs to access your private keys, for example, when you sign email messages or use one of your own certificates to identify yourself to a web site. It needs to access your master key when it encrypts or decrypts information on behalf of another application—for example, when Netscape 6 needs to store or access your email password. You can set or change your personal security password from the Certificates tab in Personal Security Manager. Each security device requires a separate Personal Security Password. See also private key, master key.

PKCS #11. The public-key cryptography standard that governs security devices such as smart cards. See also security device, smart card.

PKCS #11 module. A program on your computer that manages cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption using the PKCS #11 standard. PKCS #11 modules (also called cryptographic modules, cryptographic service providers, or security modules) can be thought of as drivers for cryptographic devices that can be implemented in either hardware or software. A PKCS #11 module always controls one or more slots, which may be implemented as physical hardware slots in some form of physical reader (for example, for smart cards) or as conceptual slots in software. Each slot for a PKCS #11 module can in turn contain a security device (also called token), which is the hardware or software device that actually provides cryptographic services and optionally stores certificates and keys. Personal Security Manager provides a built-in PKCS #11 module. You may install additional modules on your computer to control smart card readers or other hardware devices.

portable security password. A password that protects a certificate that you are backing up or have previously backed up. Personal Security Manager asks you to set this password when you back up a certificate, and requests it when you attempt to restore a certificate that has previously been backed up.

private key. One of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography. The private key is kept secret and is used to decrypt data that has been encrypted with the corresponding public key.

PSM Private Keys security device. The default security device used by Personal Security Manager to store private keys associated with your certificates. In addition to private keys, the PSM Private Keys security device stores the master key used by Netscape 6 to encrypt email passwords, web site passwords, and other sensitive information. See also private key, master key.

public key. One of a pair of keys used in public-key cryptography. The public key is distributed freely and published as part of a certificate. It is typically used to encrypt data sent to the public key's owner, who then decrypts the data with the corresponding private key.

public-key cryptography. A set of well-established techniques and standards that allow an entity (such as a person, an organization, or hardware such as a router) to verify its identity electronically or to sign and encrypt electronic data. Two keys are involved: a public key and a private key. The public key is published as part of a certificate, which associates that key with a particular identity. The corresponding private key is kept secret. Data encrypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the private key.

public-key infrastructure (PKI). The standards and services that facilitate the use of public-key cryptography and certificates in a networked environment.

root CA. The certificate authority (CA) with a self-signed certificate at the top of a certificate chain. See also subordinate CA.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). A protocol that allows mutual authentication between a client and a server for the purpose of establishing an authenticated and encrypted connection. SSL runs above TCP/IP and below HTTP, LDAP, IMAP, NNTP, and other high-level network protocols. The new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard called Transport Layer Security (TLS) is based on SSL. See also authentication, encryption.

security certificate. See certificate.

security device. A hardware or software device that provides cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption and can store certificates and keys. A smart card is one example of a hardware security device. Personal Security Manager contains its own internal security device, called the PSM Private Keys security device, that is implemented in software. Each security device is protected by its own Personal Security Password.

security module. See PKCS #11 module.

security token. See security device.

server. Software (such as software that serves up web pages) that receives requests from and sends information to a client, which is usually running on a different computer. A computer on which server software runs is also described as a server.

server authentication. The process of identifying a server to a client by using a server SSL certificate. See also client authentication, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

server SSL certificate. A certificate that a server presents to a client to authenticate the server's identity using the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocol.

signing certificate. A certificate whose corresponding private key is used to sign transmitted data, so that the receiver can verify the identity of the sender. Certificate authorities (CAs) often issue a signing certificate that will be used to sign email messages at the same time as an encryption certificate that will be used to encrypt email messages. See also dual key pairs, digital signature.

signing key. A private key used for signing only. A signing key and its equivalent public key, together with an encryption key and its equivalent public key, constitute dual key pairs.

slot. A piece of hardware, or its equivalent in software, that is controlled by a PKCS #11 module and designed to contain a security device.

smart card. A small device, typically about the size of a credit card, that contains a microprocessor and is capable of storing cryptographic information (such as keys and certificates) and performing cryptographic operations. Smart cards use the PKCS #11 standard. A smart card is one kind of security device.

spoofing. Pretending to be someone else. For example, a person can pretend to have the email address jdoe@mozilla.com, or a computer can identify itself as a site called www.mozilla.com when it is not. Spoofing is one form of misrepresentation.

SSL. See Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

subject. The entity (such as a person, organization, or router) identified by a certificate. In particular, the subject field of a certificate contains the certified entity's subject name and other characteristics.

subject name. A distinguished name (DN) that uniquely describes the subject of a certificate.

subordinate CA. A certificate authority (CA) whose certificate is signed by another subordinate CA or by the root CA. See also certificate chain, root CA.

symmetric encryption. An encryption method that uses a single cryptographic key to both encrypt and decrypt a given message.

tamper detection. A mechanism ensuring that data received in electronic form has not been tampered with; that is, that the data received corresponds entirely with the original version of the same data.

TLS. See Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

token. See security device.

trust. Confident reliance on a person or other entity. In the context of public-key infrastructure (PKI), trust usually refers to the relationship between the user of a certificate and the certificate authority (CA) that issued the certificate. If you use Personal Security Manager to specify that you trust a CA, Personal Security Manager trusts valid certificates issued by that CA unless you specify otherwise in the settings for individual certificates. You use the Authorities panel of the Certificates tab in Personal Security Manager to specify the kinds of certificates you trust or don't trust different CAs to issue.

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