<!-- <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook V4.1//EN"> -->
<chapter id="administration">
  <title>Administering Bugzilla</title>

  <subtitle>Or, I just got this cool thing installed. Now what the heck do I
  do with it?</subtitle>

  <para>So you followed 
  <quote>
    <xref linkend="installation" />
  </quote>

  to the letter, and logged into Bugzilla for the very first time with your
  super-duper god account. You sit, contentedly staring at the Bugzilla Query
  Screen, the worst of the whole mad business of installing this terrific
  program behind you. It seems, though, you have nothing yet to query! Your
  first act of business should be to setup the operating parameters for
  Bugzilla so you can get busy getting data into your bug tracker.</para>

  <section id="postinstall-check">
    <title>Post-Installation Checklist</title>

    <para>After installation, follow the checklist below to help ensure that
    you have a successful installation. If you do not see a recommended
    setting for a parameter, consider leaving it at the default while you
    perform your initial tests on your Bugzilla setup.</para>

    <indexterm>
      <primary>checklist</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <procedure>
      <step>
        <para>Bring up 
        <filename>editparams.cgi</filename>

        in your web browser. This should be available as the 
        <quote>edit parameters</quote>

        link from any Bugzilla screen once you have logged in.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>The 
        <quote>maintainer</quote>

        is the email address of the person responsible for maintaining this
        Bugzilla installation. The maintainer need not be a valid Bugzilla
        user. Error pages, error emails, and administrative mail will be sent
        with the maintainer as the return email address.</para>

        <para>Set 
        <quote>maintainer</quote>

        to 
        <emphasis>your</emphasis>

        email address. This allows Bugzilla's error messages to display your
        email address and allow people to contact you for help.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>The 
        <quote>urlbase</quote>

        parameter defines the fully qualified domain name and web server path
        to your Bugzilla installation.</para>

        <para>For example, if your bugzilla query page is
        http://www.foo.com/bugzilla/query.cgi, set your 
        <quote>urlbase</quote>

        is http://www.foo.com/bugzilla/.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>usebuggroups</quote>

        dictates whether or not to implement group-based security for
        Bugzilla. If set, Bugzilla bugs can have an associated groupmask
        defining which groups of users are allowed to see and edit the
        bug.</para>

        <para>Set "usebuggroups" to "on" 
        <emphasis>only</emphasis>

        if you may wish to restrict access to products. I suggest leaving
        this parameter 
        <emphasis>off</emphasis>

        while initially testing your Bugzilla.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>usebuggroupsentry</quote>

        , when set to 
        <quote>on</quote>

        , requires that all bugs have an associated groupmask when submitted.
        This parameter is made for those installations where product
        isolation is a necessity.</para>

        <para>Set "usebuggroupsentry" to "on" if you absolutely need to
        restrict access to bugs from the moment they are submitted through
        resolution. Once again, if you are simply testing your installation,
        I suggest against turning this parameter on; the strict security
        checking may stop you from being able to modify your new
        entries.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>You run into an interesting problem when Bugzilla reaches a
        high level of continuous activity. MySQL supports only table-level
        write locking. What this means is that if someone needs to make a
        change to a bug, they will lock the entire table until the operation
        is complete. Locking for write also blocks reads until the write is
        complete. The 
        <quote>shadowdb</quote>

        parameter was designed to get around this limitation. While only a
        single user is allowed to write to a table at a time, reads can
        continue unimpeded on a read-only shadow copy of the database.
        Although your database size will double, a shadow database can cause
        an enormous performance improvement when implemented on extremely
        high-traffic Bugzilla databases.</para>

        <para>Set "shadowdb" to "bug_shadowdb" if you will be running a
        *very* large installation of Bugzilla. The shadow database enables
        many simultaneous users to read and write to the database without
        interfering with one another. 
        <note>
          <para>Enabling "shadowdb" can adversely affect the stability of
          your installation of Bugzilla. You should regularly check that your
          database is in sync. It is often advisable to force a shadow
          database sync nightly via 
          <quote>cron</quote>

          .</para>
        </note>

        Once again, in testing you should avoid this option -- use it if or
        when you 
        <emphasis>need</emphasis>

        to use it, and have repeatedly run into the problem it was designed
        to solve -- very long wait times while attempting to commit a change
        to the database. Mozilla.org began needing 
        <quote>shadowdb</quote>

        when they reached around 40,000 Bugzilla users with several hundred
        Bugzilla bug changes and comments per day.</para>

        <para>If you use the "shadowdb" option, it is only natural that you
        should turn the "queryagainstshadowdb" option "On" as well. Otherwise
        you are replicating data into a shadow database for no reason!</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>headerhtml</quote>

        , 
        <quote>footerhtml</quote>

        , 
        <quote>errorhtml</quote>

        , 
        <quote>bannerhtml</quote>

        , and 
        <quote>blurbhtml</quote>

        are all templates which control display of headers, footers, errors,
        banners, and additional data. We could go into some detail regarding
        the usage of these, but it is really best just to monkey around with
        them a bit to see what they do. I strongly recommend you copy your 
        <filename>data/params</filename>

        file somewhere safe before playing with these values, though. If they
        are changed dramatically, it may make it impossible for you to
        display Bugzilla pages to fix the problem until you have restored
        your 
        <filename>data/params</filename>

        file.</para>

        <para>If you have custom logos or HTML you must put in place to fit
        within your site design guidelines, place the code in the
        "headerhtml", "footerhtml", "errorhtml", "bannerhtml", or "blurbhtml"
        text boxes. 
        <note>
          <para>The "headerhtml" text box is the HTML printed out 
          <emphasis>before</emphasis>

          any other code on the page, except the CONTENT-TYPE header sent by
          the Bugzilla engine. If you have a special banner, put the code for
          it in "bannerhtml". You may want to leave these settings at the
          defaults initially.</para>
        </note>
        </para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>passwordmail</quote>

        is rather simple. Every time a user creates an account, the text of
        this parameter is read as the text to send to the new user along with
        their password message.</para>

        <para>Add any text you wish to the "passwordmail" parameter box. For
        instance, many people choose to use this box to give a quick training
        blurb about how to use Bugzilla at your site.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>useqacontact</quote>

        allows you to define an email address for each component, in addition
        to that of the default owner, who will be sent carbon copies of
        incoming bugs. The critical difference between a QA Contact and an
        Owner is that the QA Contact follows the component. If you reassign a
        bug from component A to component B, the QA Contact for that bug will
        change with the reassignment, regardless of owner.</para>

        <para>
        <quote>usestatuswhiteboard</quote>

        defines whether you wish to have a free-form, overwritable field
        associated with each bug. The advantage of the Status Whiteboard is
        that it can be deleted or modified with ease, and provides an
        easily-searchable field for indexing some bugs that have some trait
        in common. Many people will put 
        <quote>help wanted</quote>

        , 
        <quote>stalled</quote>

        , or 
        <quote>waiting on reply from somebody</quote>

        messages into the Status Whiteboard field so those who peruse the
        bugs are aware of their status even more than that which can be
        indicated by the Resolution fields.</para>

        <para>Do you want to use the QA Contact ("useqacontact") and status
        whiteboard ("usestatuswhiteboard") fields? These fields are useful
        because they allow for more flexibility, particularly when you have
        an existing Quality Assurance and/or Release Engineering team, but
        they may not be needed for many smaller installations.</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>Set "whinedays" to the amount of days you want to let bugs go
        in the "New" or "Reopened" state before notifying people they have
        untouched new bugs. If you do not plan to use this feature, simply do
        not set up the whining cron job described in the installation
        instructions, or set this value to "0" (never whine).</para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>
        <quote>commenton</quote>

        fields allow you to dictate what changes can pass without comment,
        and which must have a comment from the person who changed them.
        Often, administrators will allow users to add themselves to the CC
        list, accept bugs, or change the Status Whiteboard without adding a
        comment as to their reasons for the change, yet require that most
        other changes come with an explanation.</para>

        <para>Set the "commenton" options according to your site policy. It
        is a wise idea to require comments when users resolve, reassign, or
        reopen bugs at the very least. 
        <note>
          <para>It is generally far better to require a developer comment
          when resolving bugs than not. Few things are more annoying to bug
          database users than having a developer mark a bug "fixed" without
          any comment as to what the fix was (or even that it was truly
          fixed!)</para>
        </note>
        </para>
      </step>

      <step>
        <para>The 
        <quote>supportwatchers</quote>

        option can be an exceptionally powerful tool in the hands of a power
        Bugzilla user. By enabling this option, you allow users to receive
        email updates whenever other users receive email updates. This is, of
        course, subject to the groupset restrictions on the bug; if the 
        <quote>watcher</quote>

        would not normally be allowed to view a bug, the watcher cannot get
        around the system by setting herself up to watch the bugs of someone
        with bugs outside her privileges. She would still only receive email
        updates for those bugs she could normally view.</para>

        <para>For Bugzilla sites which require strong inter-Product security
        to prevent snooping, watchers are not a good idea.</para>

        <para>However, for most sites you should set 
        <quote>supportwatchers</quote>

        to "On". This feature is helpful for team leads to monitor progress
        in their respective areas, and can offer many other benefits, such as
        allowing a developer to pick up a former engineer's bugs without
        requiring her to change all the information in the bug.</para>
      </step>
    </procedure>
  </section>

  <section id="useradmin">
    <title>User Administration</title>

    <para>User administration is one of the easiest parts of Bugzilla.
    Keeping it from getting out of hand, however, can become a
    challenge.</para>

    <section id="defaultuser">
      <title>Creating the Default User</title>

      <para>When you first run checksetup.pl after installing Bugzilla, it
      will prompt you for the administrative username (email address) and
      password for this "super user". If for some reason you were to delete
      the "super user" account, re-running checksetup.pl will again prompt
      you for this username and password.</para>

      <tip>
        <para>If you wish to add more administrative users, you must use the
        MySQL interface. Run "mysql" from the command line, and use these
        commands ("mysql&gt;" denotes the mysql prompt, not something you
        should type in): 
        <command>
        <prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt>

        use bugs;</command>

        <command>
        <prompt>mysql&gt;</prompt>

        update profiles set groupset=0x7ffffffffffffff where login_name =
        "(user's login name)";</command>
        </para>

        <para>Yes, that is 
        <emphasis>fourteen</emphasis>

        <quote>f</quote>

        's. A whole lot of f-ing going on if you want to create a new
        administator.</para>
      </tip>
    </section>

    <section id="manageusers">
      <title>Managing Other Users</title>

      <section id="login">
        <title>Logging In</title>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>Open the index.html page for your Bugzilla installation in
            your browser window.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Click the "Query Existing Bug Reports" link.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Click the "Log In" link at the foot of the page.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Type your email address, and the password which was emailed
            to you when you created your Bugzilla account, into the spaces
            provided.</para>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>

        <para>Congratulations, you are logged in!</para>
      </section>

      <section id="createnewusers">
        <title>Creating new users</title>

        <para>Your users can create their own user accounts by clicking the
        "New Account" link at the bottom of each page. However, should you
        desire to create user accounts ahead of time, here is how you do
        it.</para>

        <orderedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>After logging in, click the "Users" link at the footer of
            the query page.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>To see a specific user, type a portion of their login name
            in the box provided and click "submit". To see all users, simply
            click the "submit" button. You must click "submit" here to be
            able to add a new user.</para>

            <tip>
              <para>More functionality is available via the list on the
              right-hand side of the text entry box. You can match what you
              type as a case-insensitive substring (the default) of all users
              on your system, a case-sensitive regular expression (please see
              the 
              <command>man regexp</command>

              manual page for details on regular expression syntax), or a 
              <emphasis>reverse</emphasis>

              regular expression match, where every user name which does NOT
              match the regular expression is selected.</para>
            </tip>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Click the "Add New User" link at the bottom of the user
            list</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>Fill out the form presented. This page is self-explanatory.
            When done, click "submit".</para>

            <note>
              <para>Adding a user this way will 
              <emphasis>not</emphasis>

              send an email informing them of their username and password.
              While useful for creating dummy accounts (watchers which
              shuttle mail to another system, for instance, or email
              addresses which are a mailing list), in general it is
              preferable to log out and use the 
              <quote>New Account</quote>

              button to create users, as it will pre-populate all the
              required fields and also notify the user of her account name
              and password.</para>
            </note>
          </listitem>
        </orderedlist>
      </section>

      <section id="disableusers">
        <title>Disabling Users</title>

        <para>I bet you noticed that big "Disabled Text" entry box available
        from the "Add New User" screen, when you edit an account? By entering
        any text in this box and selecting "submit", you have prevented the
        user from using Bugzilla via the web interface. Your explanation,
        written in this text box, will be presented to the user the next time
        she attempts to use the system. 
        <warning>
          <para>Don't disable your own administrative account, or you will
          hate life!</para>

          <para>At this time, 
          <quote>Disabled Text</quote>

          does not prevent a user from using the email interface. If you have
          the email interface enabled, they can still continue to submit bugs
          and comments that way. We need a patch to fix this.</para>
        </warning>
        </para>
      </section>

      <section id="modifyusers">
        <title>Modifying Users</title>

        <para>Here I will attempt to describe the function of each option on
        the Edit User screen.</para>

        <itemizedlist>
          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Login Name</emphasis>

            : This is generally the user's email address. However, if you
            have edited your system parameters, this may just be the user's
            login name or some other identifier. 
            <tip>
              <para>For compatability reasons, you should probably stick with
              email addresses as user login names. It will make your life
              easier.</para>
            </tip>
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Real Name</emphasis>

            : Duh!</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Password</emphasis>

            : You can change the user password here. It is normal to only see
            asterisks.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Disable Text</emphasis>

            : If you type anything in this box, including just a space, the
            user account is disabled from making any changes to bugs via the
            web interface, and what you type in this box is presented as the
            reason. 
            <warning>
              <para>Don't disable the administrator account!</para>
            </warning>

            <note>
              <para>As of this writing, the user can still submit bugs via
              the e-mail gateway, if you set it up, despite the disabled text
              field. The e-mail gateway should 
              <emphasis>not</emphasis>

              be enabled for secure installations of Bugzilla.</para>
            </note>
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>CanConfirm</emphasis>

            : This field is only used if you have enabled "unconfirmed"
            status in your parameters screen. If you enable this for a user,
            that user can then move bugs from "Unconfirmed" to "Confirmed"
            status (e.g.: "New" status). Be judicious about allowing users to
            turn this bit on for other users.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Creategroups</emphasis>

            : This option will allow a user to create and destroy groups in
            Bugzilla. Unless you are using the Bugzilla GroupSentry security
            option "usebuggroupsentry" in your parameters, this setting has
            no effect.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Editbugs</emphasis>

            : Unless a user has this bit set, they can only edit those bugs
            for which they are the assignee or the reporter. 
            <note>
              <para>Leaving this option unchecked does not prevent users from
              adding comments to a bug! They simply cannot change a bug
              priority, severity, etc. unless they are the assignee or
              reporter.</para>
            </note>
            </para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Editcomponents</emphasis>

            : This flag allows a user to create new products and components,
            as well as modify and destroy those that have no bugs associated
            with them. If a product or component has bugs associated with it,
            those bugs must be moved to a different product or component
            before Bugzilla will allow them to be destroyed. The name of a
            product or component can be changed without affecting the
            associated bugs, but it tends to annoy the hell out of your users
            when these change a lot.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Editkeywords</emphasis>

            : If you use Bugzilla's keyword functionality, enabling this
            feature allows a user can create and destroy keywords. As always,
            the keywords for existing bugs containing the keyword the user
            wishes to destroy must be changed before Bugzilla will allow it
            to die. You must be very careful about creating too many new
            keywords if you run a very large Bugzilla installation; keywords
            are global variables across products, and you can often run into
            a phenomenon called "keyword bloat". This confuses users, and
            then the feature goes unused.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>Editusers</emphasis>

            : This flag allows a user do what you're doing right now: edit
            other users. This will allow those with the right to do so to
            remove administrator privileges from other users or grant them to
            themselves. Enable with care.</para>
          </listitem>

          <listitem>
            <para>
            <emphasis>PRODUCT</emphasis>

            : PRODUCT bugs access. This allows an administrator, with
            product-level granularity, to specify in which products a user
            can edit bugs. The user must still have the "editbugs" privelege
            to edit bugs in this area; this simply restricts them from even
            seeing bugs outside these boundaries if the administrator has
            enabled the group sentry parameter "usebuggroupsentry". Unless
            you are using bug groups, this option has no effect.</para>
          </listitem>
        </itemizedlist>
      </section>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="programadmin">
    <title>Product, Component, Milestone, and Version Administration</title>

    <epigraph>
      <para>Dear Lord, we have to get our users to do WHAT?</para>
    </epigraph>

    <section id="products">
      <title>Products</title>

      <subtitle>Formerly, and in some spots still, called
      "Programs"</subtitle>

      <para>
      <glossterm linkend="gloss-product" baseform="product">
      Products</glossterm>

      are the broadest category in Bugzilla, and you should have the least of
      these. If your company makes computer games, you should have one
      product per game, and possibly a few special products (website,
      meetings...)</para>

      <para>A Product (formerly called "Program", and still referred to that
      way in some portions of the source code) controls some very important
      functions. The number of "votes" available for users to vote for the
      most important bugs is set per-product, as is the number of votes
      required to move a bug automatically from the UNCONFIRMED status to the
      NEW status. One can close a Product for further bug entry and define
      various Versions available from the Edit product screen.</para>

      <para>To create a new product:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Select "components" from the yellow footer</para>

          <tip>
            <para>It may seem counterintuitive to click "components" when you
            want to edit the properties associated with Products. This is one
            of a long list of things we want in Bugzilla 3.0...</para>
          </tip>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Select the "Add" link to the right of "Add a new
          product".</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Enter the name of the product and a description. The
          Description field is free-form.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <tip>
        <para>Don't worry about the "Closed for bug entry", "Maximum Votes
        per person", "Maximum votes a person can put on a single bug",
        "Number of votes a bug in this Product needs to automatically get out
        of the UNCOMFIRMED state", and "Version" options yet. We'll cover
        those in a few moments.</para>
      </tip>
    </section>

    <section id="components">
      <title>Components</title>

      <para>Components are subsections of a Product. 
      <example>
        <title>Creating some Components</title>

        <informalexample>
          <para>The computer game you are designing may have a "UI"
          component, an "API" component, a "Sound System" component, and a
          "Plugins" component, each overseen by a different programmer. It
          often makes sense to divide Components in Bugzilla according to the
          natural divisions of responsibility within your Product or
          company.</para>
        </informalexample>
      </example>

      Each component has a owner and (if you turned it on in the parameters),
      a QA Contact. The owner should be the primary person who fixes bugs in
      that component. The QA Contact should be the person who will ensure
      these bugs are completely fixed. The Owner, QA Contact, and Reporter
      will get email when new bugs are created in this Component and when
      these bugs change. Default Owner and Default QA Contact fields only
      dictate the 
      <emphasis>default assignments</emphasis>

      ; the Owner and QA Contact fields in a bug are otherwise unrelated to
      the Component.</para>

      <para>To create a new Component:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Select the "Edit components" link from the "Edit product"
          page</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Select the "Add" link to the right of the "Add a new
          component" text on the "Select Component" page.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Fill out the "Component" field, a short "Description", and
          the "Initial Owner". The Component and Description fields are
          free-form; the "Initial Owner" field must be that of a user ID
          already existing in the database. If the initial owner does not
          exist, Bugzilla will refuse to create the component. 
          <tip>
            <para>Is your "Default Owner" a user who is not yet in the
            database? No problem. 
            <orderedlist>
              <listitem>
                <para>Select the "Log out" link on the footer of the
                page.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Select the "New Account" link on the footer of the
                "Relogin" page</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Type in the email address of the default owner you want
                to create in the "E-mail address" field, and her full name in
                the "Real name" field, then select the "Submit Query"
                button.</para>
              </listitem>

              <listitem>
                <para>Now select "Log in" again, type in your login
                information, and you can modify the product to use the
                Default Owner information you require.</para>
              </listitem>
            </orderedlist>
            </para>
          </tip>
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Either Edit more components or return to the Bugzilla Query
          Page. To return to the Product you were editing, you must select
          the Components link as before.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section id="versions">
      <title>Versions</title>

      <para>Versions are the revisions of the product, such as "Flinders
      3.1", "Flinders 95", and "Flinders 2000". Using Versions helps you
      isolate code changes and are an aid in reporting. 
      <example>
        <title>Common Use of Versions</title>

        <informalexample>
          <para>A user reports a bug against Version "Beta 2.0" of your
          product. The current Version of your software is "Release Candidate
          1", and no longer has the bug. This will help you triage and
          classify bugs according to their relevance. It is also possible
          people may report bugs against bleeding-edge beta versions that are
          not evident in older versions of the software. This can help
          isolate code changes that caused the bug</para>
        </informalexample>
      </example>

      <example>
        <title>A Different Use of Versions</title>

        <informalexample>
          <para>This field has been used to good effect by an online service
          provider in a slightly different way. They had three versions of
          the product: "Production", "QA", and "Dev". Although it may be the
          same product, a bug in the development environment is not normally
          as critical as a Production bug, nor does it need to be reported
          publicly. When used in conjunction with Target Milestones, one can
          easily specify the environment where a bug can be reproduced, and
          the Milestone by which it will be fixed.</para>
        </informalexample>
      </example>
      </para>

      <para>To create and edit Versions:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>From the "Edit product" screen, select "Edit Versions"</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>You will notice that the product already has the default
          version "undefined". If your product doesn't use version numbers,
          you may want to leave this as it is or edit it so that it is "---".
          You can then go back to the edit versions page and add new versions
          to your product.</para>

          <para>Otherwise, click the "Add" button to the right of the "Add a
          new version" text.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Enter the name of the Version. This can be free-form
          characters up to the limit of the text box. Then select the "Add"
          button.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>At this point you can select "Edit" to edit more Versions, or
          return to the "Query" page, from which you can navigate back to the
          product through the "components" link at the foot of the Query
          page.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section id="milestones">
      <title>Milestones</title>

      <para>Milestones are "targets" that you plan to get a bug fixed by. For
      example, you have a bug that you plan to fix for your 3.0 release, it
      would be assigned the milestone of 3.0. Or, you have a bug that you
      plan to fix for 2.8, this would have a milestone of 2.8.</para>

      <note>
        <para>Milestone options will only appear for a Product if you turned
        the "usetargetmilestone" field in the "Edit Parameters" screen
        "On".</para>
      </note>

      <para>To create new Milestones, set Default Milestones, and set
      Milestone URL:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Select "edit milestones"</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Select "Add" to the right of the "Add a new milestone"
          text</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Enter the name of the Milestone in the "Milestone" field. You
          can optionally set the "Sortkey", which is a positive or negative
          number (-255 to 255) that defines where in the list this particular
          milestone appears. Select "Add".</para>

          <example>
            <title>Using SortKey with Target Milestone</title>

            <informalexample>
              <para>Let's say you create a target milestone called "Release
              1.0", with Sortkey set to "0". Later, you realize that you will
              have a public beta, called "Beta1". You can create a Milestone
              called "Beta1", with a Sortkey of "-1" in order to ensure
              people will see the Target Milestone of "Beta1" earlier on the
              list than "Release 1.0"</para>
            </informalexample>
          </example>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If you want to add more milestones, select the "Edit" link.
          If you don't, well shoot, you have to go back to the "query" page
          and select "components" again, and make your way back to the
          Product you were editing. 
          <note>
            <para>This is another in the list of unusual user interface
            decisions that we'd like to get cleaned up. Shouldn't there be a
            link to the effect of "edit the Product I was editing when I
            ended up here"? In any case, clicking "components" in the footer
            takes you back to the "Select product" screen, from which you can
            begin editing your product again.</para>
          </note>
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>From the Edit product screen again (once you've made your way
          back), enter the URL for a description of what your milestones are
          for this product in the "Milestone URL" field. It should be of the
          format "http://www.foo.com/bugzilla/product_milestones.html"</para>

          <para>Some common uses of this field include product descriptions,
          product roadmaps, and of course a simple description of the meaning
          of each milestone.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>If you're using Target Milestones, the "Default Milestone"
          field must have some kind of entry. If you really don't care if
          people set coherent Target Milestones, simply leave this at the
          default, "---". However, controlling and regularly updating the
          Default Milestone field is a powerful tool when reporting the
          status of projects.</para>

          <para>Select the "Update" button when you are done.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section id="voting">
      <title>Voting</title>

      <para>The concept of "voting" is a poorly understood, yet powerful
      feature for the management of open-source projects. Each user is
      assigned so many Votes per product, which they can freely reassign (or
      assign multiple votes to a single bug). This allows developers to gauge
      user need for a particular enhancement or bugfix. By allowing bugs with
      a certain number of votes to automatically move from "UNCONFIRMED" to
      "NEW", users of the bug system can help high-priority bugs garner
      attention so they don't sit for a long time awaiting triage.</para>

      <para>The daunting challenge of Votes is deciding where you draw the
      line for a "vocal majority". If you only have a user base of 100 users,
      setting a low threshold for bugs to move from UNCONFIRMED to NEW makes
      sense. As the Bugzilla user base expands, however, these thresholds
      must be re-evaluated. You should gauge whether this feature is worth
      the time and close monitoring involved, and perhaps forego
      implementation until you have a critical mass of users who demand
      it.</para>

      <para>To modify Voting settings:</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Navigate to the "Edit product" screen for the Product you
          wish to modify</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set "Maximum Votes per person" to your calculated value.
          Setting this field to "0" disables voting.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set "Maximum Votes a person can put on a single bug" to your
          calculated value. It should probably be some number lower than the
          "Maximum votes per person". Setting this field to "0" disables
          voting, but leaves the voting options open to the user. This is
          confusing.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Set "Number of votes a bug in this product needs to
          automatically get out of the UNCONFIRMED state" to your calculated
          number. Setting this field to "0" disables the automatic move of
          bugs from UNCONFIRMED to NEW. Some people advocate leaving this at
          "0", but of what use are Votes if your Bugzilla user base is unable
          to affect which bugs appear on Development radar? 
          <tip>
            <para>You should probably set this number to higher than a small
            coalition of Bugzilla users can influence it. Most sites use this
            as a "referendum" mechanism -- if users are able to vote a bug
            out of UNCONFIRMED, it is a 
            <emphasis>really</emphasis>

            bad bug!</para>
          </tip>
          </para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Once you have adjusted the values to your preference, select
          the "Update" button.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>
    </section>

    <section id="groups">
      <title>Groups and Group Security</title>

      <para>Groups can be very useful in bugzilla, because they allow users
      to isolate bugs or products that should only be seen by certain people.
      Groups can also be a complicated minefield of interdependencies and
      weirdness if mismanaged. 
      <example>
        <title>When to Use Group Security</title>

        <informalexample>
          <para>Many Bugzilla sites isolate "Security-related" bugs from all
          other bugs. This way, they can have a fix ready before the security
          vulnerability is announced to the world. You can create a
          "Security" product which, by default, has no members, and only add
          members to the group (in their individual User page, as described
          under User Administration) who should have priveleged access to
          "Security" bugs. Alternately, you may create a Group independently
          of any Product, and change the Group mask on individual bugs to
          restrict access to members only of certain Groups.</para>
        </informalexample>
      </example>

      Groups only work if you enable the "usebuggroups" paramater. In
      addition, if the "usebuggroupsentry" parameter is "On", one can
      restrict access to products by groups, so that only members of a
      product group are able to view bugs within that product. Group security
      in Bugzilla can be divided into two categories: Generic and
      Product-Based.</para>

      <note>
        <para>Groups in Bugzilla are a complicated beast that evolved out of
        very simple user permission bitmasks, apparently itself derived from
        common concepts in UNIX access controls. A "bitmask" is a
        fixed-length number whose value can describe one, and only one, set
        of states. For instance, UNIX file permissions are assigned bitmask
        values: "execute" has a value of 1, "write" has a value of 2, and
        "read" has a value of 4. Add them together, and a file can be read,
        written to, and executed if it has a bitmask of "7". (This is a
        simplified example -- anybody who knows UNIX security knows there is
        much more to it than this. Please bear with me for the purpose of
        this note.) The only way a bitmask scheme can work is by doubling the
        bit count for each value. Thus if UNIX wanted to offer another file
        permission, the next would have to be a value of 8, then the next 16,
        the next 32, etc.</para>

        <para>Similarly, Bugzilla offers a bitmask to define group
        permissions, with an internal limit of 64. Several are already
        occupied by built-in permissions. The way around this limitation is
        to avoid assigning groups to products if you have many products,
        avoid bloating of group lists, and religiously prune irrelevant
        groups. In reality, most installations of Bugzilla support far fewer
        than 64 groups, so this limitation has not hit for most sites, but it
        is on the table to be revised for Bugzilla 3.0 because it interferes
        with the security schemes of some administrators.</para>
      </note>

      <para>To enable Generic Group Security ("usebuggroups"):</para>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Turn "On" "usebuggroups" in the "Edit Parameters"
          screen.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>You will generally have no groups set up. Select the "groups"
          link in the footer.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Take a moment to understand the instructions on the "Edit
          Groups" screen. Once you feel confident you understand what is
          expected of you, select the "Add Group" link.</para>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>Fill out the "New Name" (remember, no spaces!), "New
          Description", and "New User RegExp" fields. "New User RegExp"
          allows you to automatically place all users who fulfill the Regular
          Expression into the new group. 
          <example>
            <title>Creating a New Group</title>

            <informalexample>
              <para>I created a group called DefaultGroup with a description
              of 
              <quote>This is simply a group to play with</quote>

              , and a New User RegExp of 
              <quote>.*@mydomain.tld</quote>

              . This new group automatically includes all Bugzilla users with
              "@mydomain.tld" at the end of their user id. When I finished,
              my new group was assigned bit #128.</para>
            </informalexample>
          </example>

          When you have finished, select the Add button.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>To enable Product-Based Group Security
      (usebuggroupsentry):</para>

      <warning>
        <para>Don't forget that you only have 64 groups masks available,
        total, for your installation of Bugzilla! If you plan on having more
        than 50 products in your individual Bugzilla installation, and
        require group security for your products, you should consider either
        running multiple Bugzillas or using Generic Group Security instead of
        Product-Based ("usebuggroupsentry") Group Security.</para>
      </warning>

      <orderedlist>
        <listitem>
          <para>Turn "On" "usebuggroups" and "usebuggroupsentry" in the "Edit
          Parameters" screen.</para>

          <warning>
            <para>"usebuggroupsentry" has the capacity to prevent the
            administrative user from directly altering bugs because of
            conflicting group permissions. If you plan on using
            "usebuggroupsentry", you should plan on restricting
            administrative account usage to administrative duties only. In
            other words, manage bugs with an unpriveleged user account, and
            manage users, groups, Products, etc. with the administrative
            account.</para>
          </warning>
        </listitem>

        <listitem>
          <para>You will generally have no Groups set up, unless you enabled
          "usebuggroupsentry" prior to creating any Products. To create
          "Generic Group Security" groups, follow the instructions given
          above. To create Product-Based Group security, simply follow the
          instructions for creating a new Product. If you need to add users
          to these new groups as you create them, you will find the option to
          add them to the group available under the "Edit User"
          screens.</para>
        </listitem>
      </orderedlist>

      <para>You may find this example illustrative for how bug groups work. 
      <example>
        <title>Bugzilla Groups</title>

        <literallayout>Bugzilla Groups example ----------------------- For
        this example, let us suppose we have four groups, call them Group1,
        Group2, Group3, and Group4. We have 5 users, User1, User2, User3,
        User4, User5. We have 8 bugs, Bug1, ..., Bug8. Group membership is
        defined by this chart: (X denotes that user is in that group.) (I
        apologize for the nasty formatting of this table. Try viewing it in a
        text-based browser or something for now. -MPB) G G G G r r r r o o o
        o u u u u p p p p 1 2 3 4 +-+-+-+-+ User1|X| | | | +-+-+-+-+ User2|
        |X| | | +-+-+-+-+ User3|X| |X| | +-+-+-+-+ User4|X|X|X| | +-+-+-+-+
        User5| | | | | +-+-+-+-+ Bug restrictions are defined by this chart:
        (X denotes that bug is restricted to that group.) G G G G r r r r o o
        o o u u u u p p p p 1 2 3 4 +-+-+-+-+ Bug1| | | | | +-+-+-+-+ Bug2|
        |X| | | +-+-+-+-+ Bug3| | |X| | +-+-+-+-+ Bug4| | | |X| +-+-+-+-+
        Bug5|X|X| | | +-+-+-+-+ Bug6|X| |X| | +-+-+-+-+ Bug7|X|X|X| |
        +-+-+-+-+ Bug8|X|X|X|X| +-+-+-+-+ Who can see each bug? Bug1 has no
        group restrictions. Therefore, Bug1 can be seen by any user, whatever
        their group membership. This is going to be the only bug that User5
        can see, because User5 isn't in any groups. Bug2 can be seen by
        anyone in Group2, that is User2 and User4. Bug3 can be seen by anyone
        in Group3, that is User3 and User4. Bug4 can be seen by anyone in
        Group4. Nobody is in Group4, so none of these users can see Bug4.
        Bug5 can be seen by anyone who is in _both_ Group1 and Group2. This
        is only User4. User1 cannot see it because he is not in Group2, and
        User2 cannot see it because she is not in Group1. Bug6 can be seen by
        anyone who is in both Group1 and Group3. This would include User3 and
        User4. Similar to Bug5, User1 cannot see Bug6 because he is not in
        Group3. Bug7 can be seen by anyone who is in Group1, Group2, and
        Group3. This is only User4. All of the others are missing at least
        one of those group privileges, and thus cannot see the bug. Bug8 can
        be seen by anyone who is in Group1, Group2, Group3, and Group4. There
        is nobody in all four of these groups, so nobody can see Bug8. It
        doesn't matter that User4 is in Group1, Group2, and Group3, since he
        isn't in Group4.</literallayout>
      </example>
      </para>
    </section>
  </section>

  <section id="security">
    <title>Bugzilla Security</title>

    <epigraph>
      <para>Putting your money in a wall safe is better protection than
      depending on the fact that no one knows that you hide your money in a
      mayonnaise jar in your fridge.</para>
    </epigraph>

    <note>
      <para>Poorly-configured MySQL, Bugzilla, and FTP installations have
      given attackers full access to systems in the past. Please take these
      guidelines seriously, even for Bugzilla machines hidden away behind
      your firewall. 80% of all computer trespassers are insiders, not
      anonymous crackers.</para>
    </note>

    <para>Secure your installation. 
    <note>
      <para>These instructions must, of necessity, be somewhat vague since
      Bugzilla runs on so many different platforms. If you have refinements
      of these directions for specific platforms, please submit them to 
      <ulink url="mailto://mozilla-webtools@mozilla.org">
      mozilla-webtools@mozilla.org</ulink>
      </para>
    </note>

    <orderedlist>
      <listitem>
        <para>Ensure you are running at least MysQL version 3.22.32 or newer.
        Earlier versions had notable security holes and poorly secured
        default configuration choices.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>
        <emphasis>There is no substitute for understanding the tools on your
        system!</emphasis>

        Read 
        <ulink
        url="http://www.mysql.com/documentation/mysql/bychapter/manual_Privilege_system.html">
        The MySQL Privilege System</ulink>

        until you can recite it from memory!</para>

        <para>At the very least, ensure you password the "mysql -u root"
        account and the "bugs" account, establish grant table rights (consult
        the Keystone guide in Appendix C: The Bugzilla Database for some
        easy-to-use details) that do not allow CREATE, DROP, RELOAD,
        SHUTDOWN, and PROCESS for user "bugs". I wrote up the Keystone advice
        back when I knew far less about security than I do now : )</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Lock down /etc/inetd.conf. Heck, disable inet entirely on this
        box. It should only listen to port 25 for Sendmail and port 80 for
        Apache.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Do not run Apache as 
        <quote>nobody</quote>

        . This will require very lax permissions in your Bugzilla
        directories. Run it, instead, as a user with a name, set via your
        httpd.conf file. 
        <note>
          <para>
          <quote>nobody</quote>

          is a real user on UNIX systems. Having a process run as user id 
          <quote>nobody</quote>

          is absolutely no protection against system crackers versus using
          any other user account. As a general security measure, I recommend
          you create unique user ID's for each daemon running on your system
          and, if possible, use "chroot" to jail that process away from the
          rest of your system.</para>
        </note>
        </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Ensure you have adequate access controls for the
        $BUGZILLA_HOME/data/ and $BUGZILLA_HOME/shadow/ directories, as well
        as the $BUGZILLA_HOME/localconfig and $BUGZILLA_HOME/globals.pl
        files. The localconfig file stores your "bugs" user password, which
        would be terrible to have in the hands of a criminal, while the
        "globals.pl" stores some default information regarding your
        installation which could aid a system cracker. In addition, some
        files under $BUGZILLA_HOME/data/ store sensitive information, and
        $BUGZILLA_HOME/shadow/ stores bug information for faster retrieval.
        If you fail to secure these directories and this file, you will
        expose bug information to those who may not be allowed to see
        it.</para>

        <note>
          <para>Bugzilla provides default .htaccess files to protect the most
          common Apache installations. However, you should verify these are
          adequate according to the site-wide security policy of your web
          server, and ensure that the .htaccess files are allowed to
          "override" default permissions set in your Apache configuration
          files. Covering Apache security is beyond the scope of this Guide;
          please consult the Apache documentation for details.</para>

          <para>If you are using a web server that does not support the
          .htaccess control method, 
          <emphasis>you are at risk!</emphasis>

          After installing, check to see if you can view the file
          "localconfig" in your web browser (e.g.: 
          <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/localconfig">
          http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/localconfig</ulink>

          ). If you can read the contents of this file, your web server has
          not secured your bugzilla directory properly and you must fix this
          problem before deploying Bugzilla. If, however, it gives you a
          "Forbidden" error, then it probably respects the .htaccess
          conventions and you are good to go.</para>
        </note>

        <para>When you run checksetup.pl, the script will attempt to modify
        various permissions on files which Bugzilla uses. If you do not have
        a webservergroup set in the localconfig file, then Bugzilla will have
        to make certain files world readable and/or writable. 
        <emphasis>THIS IS INSECURE!</emphasis>

        . This means that anyone who can get access to your system can do
        whatever they want to your Bugzilla installation.</para>

        <note>
          <para>This also means that if your webserver runs all cgi scripts
          as the same user/group, anyone on the system who can run cgi
          scripts will be able to take control of your Bugzilla
          installation.</para>
        </note>

        <para>On Apache, you can use .htaccess files to protect access to
        these directories, as outlined in 
        <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=57161">Bug
        57161</ulink>

        for the localconfig file, and 
        <ulink url="http://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=65572">Bug
        65572</ulink>

        for adequate protection in your data/ and shadow/ directories.</para>

        <para>Note the instructions which follow are Apache-specific. If you
        use IIS, Netscape, or other non-Apache web servers, please consult
        your system documentation for how to secure these files from being
        transmitted to curious users.</para>

        <para>Place the following text into a file named ".htaccess",
        readable by your web server, in your $BUGZILLA_HOME/data directory. 
        <literallayout>&lt;Files comments&gt; allow from all &lt;/Files&gt;
        deny from all</literallayout>
        </para>

        <para>Place the following text into a file named ".htaccess",
        readable by your web server, in your $BUGZILLA_HOME/ directory. 
        <literallayout>&lt;Files localconfig&gt; deny from all &lt;/Files&gt;
        allow from all</literallayout>
        </para>

        <para>Place the following text into a file named ".htaccess",
        readable by your web server, in your $BUGZILLA_HOME/shadow directory.
        
        <literallayout>deny from all</literallayout>
        </para>
      </listitem>
    </orderedlist>
    </para>
  </section>
</chapter>

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